“ The path of the righteous man is beset on all sides by the inequities of the selfish and the tyranny of evil men. Blessed is he who in the name of charity and goodwill shepherds the weak through the valley of darkness, for he is truly his brother's keeper and the finder of lost children. And I will strike down upon thee with great vengeance and furious anger those who attempt to poison and destroy my brothers. And you will know my name is the Lord when I lay my vengeance upon thee. ”

The second version is identical except for the final line: "And you will know I am the Lord when I lay my vengeance upon you."\

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

[edit] See also

* Adaptive representation
* Agnotology
* Analytic tradition
* Bayesian probability
* Cybernetic epistemology
* Constructivist epistemology
* Eastern epistemology
* Evidentialism
* Evidentiality
* General Semantics
* Knowledge by acquaintance
* Knowledge by description
* Methodology
* Methods of obtaining knowledge
* Monopolies of knowledge
* Mysticism
* Noölogy
* Objectivist epistemology
* Platonic epistemology
* Reason
* Revelation
* Self-evidence
* Social epistemology
* Transcendence (philosophy)
* Virtue epistemology
* Conveyed concept
* Reformed epistemology

[edit] Notes

1. ^ Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Volume 3, 1967, Macmillan, Inc.
2. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, 2007
3. ^ In French, Portuguese and Spanish, to know a person is 'connaître', 'conhecer', 'conocer', whereas to know how to do something is 'savoir', 'saber', 'saber'. In Greek the verbs are γνωρίζω (gnorízo) and ξέρω (kséro), respectively. In Italian the verbs are 'conoscere' and 'sapere' and the nouns for 'knowledge' are 'conoscenza' and 'sapienza', respectively. In German, the verbs are "kennen" and "wissen." "Wissen" implies knowing as a fact, "kennen" implies knowing in the sense of being acquainted with and having a working knowledge of; there is also a noun derived from "kennen", namely "erkennen", which roughly implies knowledge in the form of recognition or acknowledgment. The verb itself implies a process: you have to go from one state to another: from a state of "not-erkennen" to a state of true erkennen. This verb seems to be the most appropriate in terms of describing the "episteme" in one of the modern European languages, hence the German name "Erkenntnistheorie."
4. ^ a b Gettier, Edmund (1963). "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?". Analysis 23: 121-23.
5. ^ Bimal Krishna Matilal (1986). Perception: An essay on Classical Indian Theories of Knowledge. Oxford India 2002. The Gettier problem is dealt with in Chapter 4, Knowledge as a mental episode. The thread continues in the next chapter Knowing that one knows. It is also discussed in Matilal's Word and the World p. 71-72.
6. ^ Robert Nozick (1981). Philosophical Explanations. Harvard University Press. Philosophical Explanations Chapter 3 "Knowledge and Skepticism" I. Knowledge Conditions for Knowledge p. 172-178.
7. ^ D. M. Armstrong (1973). Belief, Truth and Knowledge. Cambridge University Press.

[edit] References and further reading

* The London Philosophy Study Guide offers many suggestions on what to read, depending on the student's familiarity with the subject: Epistemology & Methodology

* Annis, David. 1978. "A Contextualist Theory of Epistemic Justification", in American Philosophical Quarterly, 15: 213-219.
* Boufoy-Bastick, Z. 2005. "Introducing 'Applicable Knowledge' as a Challenge to the Attainment of Absolute Knowledge", Sophia Journal of Philosophy, 8: 39-51.
* Bovens, Luc & Hartmann, Stephan. 2003. Bayesian Epistemology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Butchvarov, Panayot. 1970. The Concept of Knowledge. Evanston, Northwestern University Press.
* Cohen, Stewart. 1998. "Contextualist Solutions to Epistemological Problems: Scepticism, Gettier, and the Lottery." Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 76: 289-306.
* Cohen Stewart. 1999. "Contextualism, Skepticism, and Reasons", in Tomberlin 1999.
* DeRose, Keith. 1992. "Contextualism and Knowledge Attributions", Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 15: 213-19.
* DeRose, Keith. 1999. "Contextualism: An Explanation and Defense", in Greco and Sosa 1999.
* Feldman, Richard. 1999. "Contextualism and Skepticism", in Tomberlin 1999, pp. 91-114.
* Gettier, Edmund. 1963. "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?", Analysis, Vol. 23, pp. 121-23. Online text.
* Greco, J. & Sosa, E. 1999. Blackwell Guide to Epistemology, Blackwell Publishing.
* Harris, Errol E. 1970. Hypothesis And Perception, George Allen and Unwin, London, Reprinted 2002 Routledge, London.
* Harwood, Sterling. 1989. "Taking Skepticism Seriously -- And In Context," Philosophical Investigations, Vol. 12.
* Hawthorne, John. 2005. "The Case for Closure", Contemporary Debates in Epistemology, Peter Sosa and Matthias Steup (ed.): 26-43.
* Hendricks, Vincent F. 2006. Mainstream and Formal Epistemology, New York: Cambridge University Press.
* Kant, Immanuel. 1781. Critique of Pure Reason
* Keeton, Morris T. 1962. "Empiricism", in Dictionary of Philosophy, Dagobert D. Runes (ed.), Littlefield, Adams, and Company, Totowa, NJ, pp. 89–90.
* Kirkham, Richard. 1984. "Does the Gettier Problem Rest on a Mistake?" Mind, 93.
* Klein, Peter. 1981. Certainty: a Refutation of Scepticism, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
* Kyburg, H.E. 1961. Probability and the Logic of Rational Belief, Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
* Korzybski, Alfred. 1994 (1933). Science and Sanity: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics, Fifth Edition. Ft. Worth, TX: Institute of General Semantics.
* Lewis, David. 1996. "Elusive Knowledge." Australian Journal of Philosophy, 74, 549-67.
* Morin, Edgar. 1986. La Méthode, Tome 3, La Connaissance de la connaissance (Method, 3rd volume : The knowledge of knowledge)
* Nelson, Quee, 2007. The Slightest Philosophy, Indianapolis, IN: Dog Ear Publishing, 296 pages.
* Niiniluoto, Ilkka, 2002. Critical Scientific Realism, Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
* Popper, Karl R. 1972. Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach, Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
* Preyer, G./Siebelt, F./Ulfig, A. 1994. Language, Mind and Epistemology, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
* Rand, Ayn. 1979. Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology, New York: Meridian.
* Russell, Bertrand. 1912. The Problems of Philosophy, New York: Oxford University Press.
* Schiffer, Stephen. 1996. "Contextualist Solutions to Scepticism", Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 96:317-33.
* Steup, Matthias. 2005. "Knowledge and Scepticism", Contemporary Debates in Epistemology, Peter Sosa and Matthias Steup (eds.): 1-13.
* Tomberlin, James (ed.). 1999. Philosophical Perspectives 13, Epistemology, Blackwell Publishing.
* Wittgenstein, Ludwig. 1922. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, C.K. Ogden (trns.), Dover. Online text.

[edit] External links and references
Certainty series

* Nihilism
* Agnosticism
* Uncertainty
* Probability
* Estimation
* Belief
* Justified true belief
* Certainty
* Determinism

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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy articles:

* Bayesian Epistemology by William Talbott.
* Epistemology by Matthias Steup.
* Evolutionary Epistemology by Michael Bradie & William Harms.
* Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science by Elizabeth Anderson.
* Naturalized Epistemology by Richard Feldman.
* Social Epistemology by Alvin Goldman.
* Virtue Epistemology by John Greco.

Other links:

* What Is Epistemology? — a brief introduction to the topic by Keith DeRose.
* Certain Doubts — a group blog run by Jonathan Kvanvig, with many leading epistemologists as contributors.
* The Epistemological Lifeboat by Birger Hjørland & Jeppe Nicolaisen (eds.)
* The Epistemology Page by Keith DeRose.
* Justified True Belief and Critical Rationalism by Mathew Toll
* Epistemology Papers a collection of Michael Huemer's.
* Epistemology Introduction, Part 1 and Part 2 by Paul Newall at the Galilean Library.
* Teaching Theory of Knowledge (1986) — Marjorie Clay (ed.), an electronic publication from The Council for Philosophical Studies.
* Epistemology: The Philosophy of Knowledge — an introduction at Groovyweb.
* Introduction to Theory of Knowledge — from PhilosophyOnline.
* The Peripatetic A practical introduction to the theory of knowledge
* Theory of Knowledge — an introduction to epistemology, exploring the various theories of knowledge, justification, and belief.
* A Theory of Knowledge by Clóvis Juarez Kemmerich, on the Social Science Research Network, 2006.
* An Introduction to Epistemology by Paul Newall, aimed at beginners.
* David Speaks Live — A lecture on Ontological Epistemology
* Knowledge is the eye of all - Knowledge in the Upanishads
* On a Critical Epistemology
* Language Perception and Action: Philosophical Issues

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